Since ancient times, among all the peoples of the world, no matter how advanced the civilization, there has existed a strong desire to decorate and ornament. This natural need was building up, strengthening, and accompanying men as the humankind progressed.  The forms and decorations that were simple at first started to evolve.

The most common decorative form in all geographic regions was ornamentation. It was mostly in the form of regular lines, filled sections or whole surfaces. Depending on the type of decorative motifes, ornamentations can be divided into three basic types: geometrical, floral, and animal. Thorough ages each culture created patterns characteristic for a given region, whose knowledge of is helpful in differentiating styles and dating antiques. The Grammar of Ornament by Owen Jones, a leading researcher of the design history, on the diversity of ornamentations illustrates 2350 variations of decorative styles that originated in different cultural circles: from Ancient Egypt and Greece to the art of the Far East. Various forms of stylized floral ornamentation with the motifs of lotus, papyrus, and palm tree developed in Ancient Egypt. Ancient Greece was abounded in true wealth of decorations: from geometrical (meanders, spiral, zigzag) to floral (acanthus, festoon, palmette, rosette), to animal (dolphins, bucranium), to related to the Greek architectural orders (astragal, cymatium, pearls).

Spirals and platting were characteristic for the art of the early Middle Ages, especially Celtic and Germanic. Simple geometrical and floral forms dominated in the Roman art. The Gothic period was dominated by ornamentation with the motif of stylized flowers and branches, geometrical (tracery), and fantasy (chimera).

The Islamic art had developed a highly elaborate ornamentation, the so-called moresque, whose many characteristics were adopted by the art of Renaissance later on. In addition to the motifs adopted from the ancient times, the Age of Enlightenment was characterized by grotesque and arabesque. New variants related mostly to the circles of Northern Europe appeared during Mannerism. They included: scroll ornamentation, strapwork, and that in the auricular style. At the beginning, the art of Baroque had been dominated by flat volute ornamentations and those in the lobate style. Then acanthus and fruit garlands became more popular. Interlacing and Regency lattice were mostly used in the Regency period. Rococo is associated with rocaille (shell) and acanthus. Classicism saw the return of the antique patterns. During the 19th century, the development of ornamentation was influenced by Historicism and Eclecticism. New floral motifs of fluid forms were created in the early 20th century by the Art Nouveau style. Ornamentation has lost its dominant place in the contemporary art and its role has been reduced to complementing decorations of objects.

Furthermore, ornamentation cannot be associated with only one craft because it is used in both in architecture and in fine arts. The situation is different when it comes to intarsia which is used only in artistic handcrafts, mostly in furniture making.

Inlaying is a decorative technique of putting thin veneer layers of wood (1.6-3.2 mm thick) of different colors and graining on a wooden surface of an item (mostly of a piece of furniture) and arranging them into a pattern. Exotic types of wood are used in this technique, such as naturally dark brown ebony, light brown sandalwood with spotted texture from Eastern India, violet wood from Southern America or satin. If there are no rare types of wood, the available veneers were tinted and stained in the desired tone. Intarsia was used on furniture, boxes, doors, and paneling.

Inlaying had been already known in antiquity, but its biggest boom was in Renaissance and in the 18th century. Inlays, like ornamentations, can take on different motifs: from geometrical to floral, to animal, even to genre scenes, and also use decorative elements. They often complement fillet lines. Fillets are a type of decoration that was adopted in the early 18th century. The most important variants of the decoration were: longitudinal fillet (lines of burl layered in line with the direction of the graining) and transverse (juxtaposed squares with a diverse direction of the graining). Fillets in the shape of fish bones were also popular. They consisted of two angled lines of burl in different shades arranged into the shape of a chevron weave.

While discussing intarsia, we cannot omit another decorative technique of incrustation. It differs from intarsia in that not only wood but also other materials, such as ivory, mother-of-pearl, metal, tortoiseshell, and sometimes gems are used to arrange a pattern. A special type of incrustation is marquetry, popularized by André-Charles Boulle in the years 1642-1732. The Boulle’s method of decorating was based on incrusting tortoiseshell with brass. The highly decorative and laborious technique was to cut with a special saw a pattern simultaneously in two sheets of tortoiseshell and metal layered on top of each other. The pattern in the brass cut in such a way fit the hole in the tortoiseshell. Boulle made furniture in pairs. One piece, called première partie, was covered with tortoiseshell marquetry incrusted with brass, whereas the other, called contre partie, with brass sheet metal incrusted with tortoiseshell.

Inlaid furniture is still popular. Antique furniture in good condition is still searched for by the collectors that value precision and the craftsmanship of the old artisians.

 

Antiques, often associated with elaborate adornments and rich history, are prestigious elements of any interior, and they require extra attention. Unique among furniture are pieces in the Boulle style. Characterized by their highly precise and ornamental nature, they cannot be confused with any other stylistics.

Practical Secretary Desks – The Furniture Hiding a Secret Due to the increase in the importance of education, the furniture for writing began to appear also in the interiors of houses belonging to representatives of the middle class. Secretaries, along with desks, were particularly popular. All this because of their functionality. Such furniture had already been known in the 16th century, but it became particularly popular during the Biedermeier period. Thanks to the column structure, it easily integrated into the rooms, saving space at the same time, which was not without significance in the apartments located in bourgeois tenement houses.

Card and Sewing Tables – Stylish Home Accessories The furniture for playing games, commonly referred to as card tables, as well as sewing tables, were treated in the old times as a luxury and rare items. They were not a part of the basic equipment of an average house, but were made as luxury items, on order of wealthy people. Their high price was determined by both the craftsmanship and the type of material used in the manufacture. Some tables were intarsiated, others inlaid, and precious types of wood were often used, such as: ebony, satin wood, rosewood. Ivory, brass or mother-of-pearl were used for inlay.

Antiques in the Biedermeier style – classic functionality The Biedermeier style was born in Germany and Austria in the period after the Napoleonic Wars, and was dominant in the countries of Central Europe. It also became popular in the Scandinavian countries. Its heyday falls on the years from 1815 to 1848. The Biedermeier style is recognized primarily in the furniture making, but it is also present in painting, porcelain, glass, music, and literature. The name of the style derives from the combination of the adjective “bieder,” which means “honest”, “simple,” and the suffix “meier,” typical of most German names. For the first time, the name “Biedermeier” was used to describe the style only in the 1930s.

Ceramics have been around man since ancient times. Our ancestors manufactured it for practical and decorative purposes, as well as cult ones. The oldest found evidence of craftsmanship in ceramics goes back to prehistoric times.   Ceramics is the common name for all its varieties that – depending on the type of raw materials used, and the properties of the sherd – include: pottery, earthenware, faïence, stoneware, bisque, and porcelain. Due to their intended use, we distinguish different types of ceramics: tableware, sculptural, architectural (coverings, glazed bricks), cultic, ornaments, and small everyday objects. However, porcelain will always be the most perfect and the noblest form.

The Biedermeier style dominated the early and mid. 19th century; as a response to the splendor of the Empire style, which it also was inspired by. The rich decorations and artistic accessories were replaced with simplicity and functionality, while maintaining the aesthetic look of items of equipment. The popular period in the world of art and interior design manifested mainly in the design – in moderation of the ornamentation and simplicity of the shapes. What is worth knowing about Biedermeier, that is about the style considered to be the last phase of the development of Classicism in Europe?